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了概讓你輕鬆了解重要事件！
資料來源
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氣候變遷的正負面影響
- 1. Dangerous new hot zones are spreading around the world
https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2019/national/climate-environment/climate-change-world/#methodology
- 2. Extreme Weather Displaced a Record 7 Million in First Half of 2019
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/12/climate/extreme-weather-displacement.html#:~:text=Extreme%20weather%20events%20displaced%20a,Hurricane%20Dorian%20battered%20the%20Bahamas.
- 3. The climate crisis, migration, and refugees
https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-climate-crisis-migration-and-refugees/
- 4. Groundswell: Preparing for Internal Climate Migration
https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/infographic/2018/03/19/groundswell—preparing-for-internal-climate-migration
- 5. THE GREAT CLIMATE MIGRATION
https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/07/23/magazine/climate-migration.html
- 6. Economic Impact of Climate Change on The World
https://web.stanford.edu/~mburke/climate/map.php
- 7. Forget colonizing Mars. We can all move to Russia when the world heats up.
https://grist.org/article/forget-colonizing-mars-we-can-all-move-to-russia-when-the-world-heats-up/
- 1. Dangerous new hot zones are spreading around the world
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北極圈的戰略意義
- 8. Frozen conflict
https://www.economist.com/international/2014/12/17/frozen-conflict
- 9. 二十一世紀俄羅斯北極戰略及其對北極區域安全之意涵
http://nccur.lib.nccu.edu.tw/bitstream/140.119/132898/1/300501.pdf
- 10. Rising temperatures leave Russia’s Arctic ambitions on thin ice
https://www.spglobal.com/marketintelligence/en/news-insights/latest-news-headlines/rising-temperatures-leave-russia-s-arctic-ambitions-on-thin-ice-59646990
- 11. Russia’s Arctic Strategy: Energy Extraction (Part III)
https://www.thearcticinstitute.org/russias-arctic-strategy-energy-extraction-part-three/
- 12. Russia’s Untapped Arctic Potential
https://www.chathamhouse.org/2018/01/russias-untapped-arctic-potential
- 13. Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal: Estimates of Undiscovered Oil and Gas North of the Arctic Circle
https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3049/fs2008-3049.pdf
- 14. Russian Strategic Intentions in the Arctic
https://www.thearcticinstitute.org/russian-strategic-intentions-arctic/
- 15. What’s at Stake With Rising Competition in the Arctic?
https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/whats-stake-rising-competition-arctic
- 16. ARCTIC COUNCIL
https://arctic-council.org/en/
- 17. China tops agenda as military leaders from 11 nations mull Arctic security
https://www.stripes.com/news/china-tops-agenda-as-military-leaders-from-11-nations-mull-arctic-security-1.579881
- 18. The Return of Great Power Competition to the Arctic
https://www.thearcticinstitute.org/return-great-power-competition-arctic/
- 8. Frozen conflict
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俄國的優勢
- 19. HOW RUSSIA WINS THE CLIMATE CRISIS
https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/12/16/magazine/russia-climate-migration-crisis.html
- 20. Maersk explores Arctic shipping route with Russia
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-arctic-shipping-maersk-idUSKCN1TF0WW
- 21. What is the Northern Sea Route?
https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2018/09/24/what-is-the-northern-sea-route
- 19. HOW RUSSIA WINS THE CLIMATE CRISIS
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氣候變遷對俄國的好處
- 22. Is Russia Finally Waking Up to Climate Change?
https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2020/03/04/is-russia-finally-waking-up-to-climate-change-a69517
- 23. Дмитрий Медведев утвердил национальный план мероприятий первого этапа адаптации к изменениям климата на период до 2022 года
http://government.ru/news/38739/
- 24. Russia announces plan to ‘use the advantages’ of climate change
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/05/russia-announces-plan-to-use-the-advantages-of-climate-change
- 25. Vladimir Putin’s news conference
http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/60857
- 26. Assessing landscape potential for human sustainability and ‘attractiveness’ across Asian Russia in a warmer 21st century
https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ab10a8
- 27. Permafrost: Everything You Need to Know
https://www.nrdc.org/stories/permafrost-everything-you-need-know
- 28. Russia to Reap Benefits from Climate Change
https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2017/10/03/russia-to-reap-benefits-from-climate-a591452
- 29. Changing times for Russian wheat production against the backdrop of climate change
https://www.awhere.com/russian-wheat-production-against-the-backdrop-of-climate-change/
- 30. Russia forecast to remain top wheat exporter
https://www.world-grain.com/articles/13316-russia-forecast-to-remain-top-wheat-exporter
- 31. World Wheat Supply: Running Out of Russian Grain Raises Risks
https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-26/world-is-running-out-of-russian-wheat-when-some-want-it-most
- 22. Is Russia Finally Waking Up to Climate Change?
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美國的擔憂
- 32. Simulating the Cascading Effects of an Extreme Agricultural Production Shock: Global Implications of a Contemporary US Dust Bowl Event
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsufs.2020.00026/full
- 33. The Big Thaw: How Russia Could Dominate a Warming World
https://www.propublica.org/article/the-big-thaw-how-russia-could-dominate-a-warming-world
- 32. Simulating the Cascading Effects of an Extreme Agricultural Production Shock: Global Implications of a Contemporary US Dust Bowl Event
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俄國同時面對環境衝擊
- 34. Why Russia is ambivalent about global warming
https://www.economist.com/europe/2019/09/19/why-russia-is-ambivalent-about-global-warming
- 35. Pledges And Targets
https://climateactiontracker.org/countries/russian-federation/pledges-and-targets/
- 36. Russia Announces Plans for Coal-Digging Surge
https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/08/26/russia-announces-plans-for-coal-digging-surge-a67011
- 37. Russia’s Vladimir Putin doubts man-made climate change, backs Trump
https://www.dw.com/en/russias-vladimir-putin-doubts-man-made-climate-change-backs-trump/a-51736903
- 34. Why Russia is ambivalent about global warming
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永凍土融化的代價
- 38. All About Frozen Ground
https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/frozenground/people.html
- 39. When Permafrost Melts, What Happens to All That Stored Carbon?
https://blogs.ei.columbia.edu/2016/12/02/when-permafrost-melts/
- 40. Smallpox could return as Siberia’s melting permafrost exposes ancient graves
https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/smallpox-siberia-return-climate-change-global-warming-permafrost-melt-a7194466.html
- 41. Tour The Man-Made Crater That’s Been Burning For More Than 40 Years
https://www.businessinsider.com/turkmenistan-darvaza-gas-crater-karakum-desert-2014-5
- 42. Climate change made Siberian heatwave 600 times more likely – study
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/jul/15/climate-change-made-siberian-heatwave-600-times-more-likely-study
- 43. Moscow resorts to fake snow in warmest December since 1886
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/29/moscow-resorts-to-fake-snow-in-warmest-december-since-1886
- 44. Oil Spill in Siberia: Are We Prepared for Permafrost Thaw?
https://www.thearcticinstitute.org/oil-spill-siberia-prepared-permafrost-thaw/
- 45. A Blessing and a Curse: Melting Permafrost in the Russian Arctic
https://www.thearcticinstitute.org/blessing-curse-melting-permafrost-russian-arctic/
- 46. Rusia oil spill: Putin declares emergency over huge Arctic oil spill
https://edition.cnn.com/2020/06/03/europe/russia-putin-oil-spill-norilsk-intl/index.html
- 38. All About Frozen Ground
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沒有具體解決措施
- 47. Russia’s Thawing Permafrost May Cost Economy $2.3Bln a Year
https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/10/18/russias-thawing-permafrost-may-cost-economy-23-billion-a-year-a67800
- 48. On thin ice: thawing permafrost dampens Russia’s economic growth prospects
https://www.worldfinance.com/featured/on-thin-ice-thawing-permafrost-dampens-russias-economic-growth-prospects
- 47. Russia’s Thawing Permafrost May Cost Economy $2.3Bln a Year
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危機或轉機
- 49. Russia Plans to ‘Adapt’ to Climate Change.
https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2020/01/06/russia-plans-to-adapt-to-climate-change-a68814
- 49. Russia Plans to ‘Adapt’ to Climate Change.
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