不靠石油賺錢：沙烏地的經濟挑戰 | 了概 Liaoguy

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資料來源
- 疫情衝擊石油經濟
  - 1. Do oil companies make sense anymore?
    https://qz.com/1868950/what-does-the-future-of-oil-and-gas-companies-look-like/
  - 2. OPEC Extends Forecast for Decline in Global Oil Demand
    https://www.wsj.com/articles/opec-deepens-forecast-for-decline-in-global-oil-demand-11600083622
  - 3. The impact of coronavirus (COVID-19) and the global oil price shock on the fiscal position of oil-exporting developing countries
    http://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/the-impact-of-coronavirus-covid-19-and-the-global-oil-price-shock-on-the-fiscal-position-of-oil-exporting-developing-countries-8bafbd95/
  - 4. Global oil production significantly down in May 2020
    https://www.aa.com.tr/en/economy/global-oil-production-significantly-down-in-may-2020/1880288
  - 5. Crude Oil Exports by Country
    http://www.worldstopexports.com/worlds-top-oil-exports-country/
  - 6. Non-IFRS measures reconciliations and definitions
    https://www.aramco.com/-/media/publications/corporate-reports/saudi-aramco-q2-2020-non-ifrs-english.pdf?la=en&hash=B7FBCC824A15DA49AC01D39565C8D3238845C982
  - 7. Saudi Aramco profit drops 50% for first half of the year as pandemic batters oil price
    https://www.cnbc.com/2020/08/09/saudi-aramco-profit-drops-50percent-for-first-half-of-the-year-as-pandemic-batters-oil-price.html
- 高度仰賴石油
  - 8. World’s Top 10 Oil Exporters
    https://www.investopedia.com/articles/company-insights/082316/worlds-top-10-oil-exporters.asp#:~:text=the%20top%20ten.-,1.,totaling%20%24182.5%20billion%20in%20value.
  - 9. The economy of Saudi Arabia
    https://www.britannica.com/place/Saudi-Arabia/Economy#ref259141
  - 10. Saudi Arabia’s post-oil future
    https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2016/04/30/saudi-arabias-post-oil-future
  - 11. Saudi Arabia facts and figures
    https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/169.htm#:~:text=Saudi%20Arabia%20possesses%20around%2017,per%20cent%20of%20export%20earnings.
  - 12. SAUDI ARABIA BEYOND OIL:THE INVESTMENT AND PRODUCTIVITY TRANSFORMATION
    https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Featured%20Insights/Employment%20and%20Growth/Moving%20Saudi%20Arabias%20economy%20beyond%20oil/MGI%20Saudi%20Arabia_Executive%20summary_December%202015.pdf
  - 13. What would the Saudi economy have to look like to be “post-rentier”?
    https://pomeps.org/what-would-the-saudi-economy-have-to-look-like-to-be-post-rentier
- 過去也經濟受創
  - 21. Saudi Vision 2030 ‘could attract up to $1trn in FDI’ KSA Business
    http://www.albiladdailyeng.com/saudi-vision-2030-could-attract-up-to-1trn-in-fdi-ksa-business/
  - 22. ‘All success stories start with a vision’
    https://www.arabnews.com/saudi-arabia/news/915951
  - 23. Saudi Arabia agrees plans to move away from oil profits
    https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-36131391
- 願景 2030
  - 24. Assessing Saudi Vision 2030: A 2020 review
    https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/report/assessing-saudi-vision-2030-a-2020-review/
  - 25. Saudi economy shrinks 7% while unemployment hits record high
    https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2020/9/30/saudi-economy-shrunk-by-7-percent-in-q2-as-unemployment-soars
  - 26. Saudi Arabia slashes ministers’ pay, cuts public sector bonuses
    https://www.reuters.com/article/us-saudi-economy/saudi-arabia-slashes-ministers-pay-cuts-public-sector-bonuses-idUSKCN11W1VS
  - 27. Saudi Arabia Slows Pace of Energy Subsidy Cuts to Boost Economy
    https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-12-19/saudi-arabia-slows-pace-of-energy-subsidy-cuts-to-boost-economy
  - 28. Saudi Arabia needs 1.2 million jobs by 2022 to hit unemployment target: official
    https://www.reuters.com/article/us-saudi-labour-jobs-idUSKBN1HW1CO
  - 29. UAE And Saudi Arabia End Tax-Free Living, Roll Out 5% VAT As Oil Revenue Slump
    https://www.forbes.com/sites/suparnadutt/2018/01/01/uae-and-saudi-arabia-end-tax-free-living-roll-out-5-vat-as-oil-revenue-slump/#445b0d1c2021
  - 30. Educational reforms to improve teaching quality in Saudi Arabia
    https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/overview/aiming-high-ongoing-reforms-improve-quality-teaching-are-coupled-focus-technology-and-vocational
  - 31. Saudi educational reform progressing but not without resistance
    https://thearabweekly.com/saudi-educational-reform-progressing-not-without-resistance
- 解除女性的限制
  - 32. In Saudi Arabia, women can finally drive
    https://qz.com/1313101/saudi-arabias-women-are-finally-allowed-to-drive-a-car-on-their-own/
  - 33. Eman Al-Ghamdi becomes first Saudi woman to hold municipal position
    https://www.gulf-insider.com/eman-al-ghamdi-becomes-first-saudi-woman-hold-municipal-position/
  - 34. Polls open in Saudi Arabia, first time women allowed to vote
    https://edition.cnn.com/2015/12/12/world/saudia-arabia-women-vote/index.html
  - 35. Saudi Arabia’s new mood: more freedom for women – but is the nation ready?
    https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/03/saudi-arabia-new-mood-freedom-for-women-but-is-it-ready
- 發展非石油經濟
  - 36. Real Estate Ownership and Investment in Saudi Arabia
    https://www.tamimi.com/law-update-articles/real-estate-ownership-and-investment-in-saudi-arabia/
  - 37. Saudi PIF unit SEVEN to build theme parks and entertainment centers across the Kingdom
    https://www.arabnews.com/node/1633136/business-economy
  - 38. Saudi Arabia’s construction sector is powering Vision 2030
    https://www.consultancy-me.com/news/3059/powering-the-construction-sector-in-saudi-arabia
  - 39. Saudi Arabia’s PIF-backed Seven plans theme park, cinemas
    https://www.constructionweekonline.com/projects-tenders/182260-saudi-arabias-pif-backed-seven-plans-theme-park-cinemas
  - 40. Qiddiya awards SR10bn in contracts to help construct Riyadh mega project
    https://www.arabnews.com/node/1698961/saudi-arabia
- 主權財富基金
  - 41. Saudi PIF ranks 9th among world’s top SWFs with $360 bln assets
    https://www.argaam.com/en/article/articledetail/id/1379359
  - 42. A Sovereign Wealth Fund for the Prince
    https://www.swp-berlin.org/10.18449/2019RP08/
  - 43. The Saudi Aramco IPO breaks records, but falls short of expectations
    https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2019/12/11/the-saudi-aramco-ipo-breaks-records-but-falls-short-of-expectations/
  - 44. Two frameworks for understanding the Aramco IPO
    https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/energysource/two-frameworks-for-understanding-the-aramco-ipo/
  - 45. Saudi Aramco is the world’s most profitable company — but its IPO is risky. Here’s why.
    https://www.seattletimes.com/business/saudi-aramco-is-the-worlds-most-profitable-company-but-its-ipo-is-risky-heres-why/#:~:text=Saudi%20Arabian%20Oil%20Co.%2C%20or,as%20Apple%20or%20JPMorgan%20Chase.
- 改革成效不明顯
  - 46. Saudi economy grows just 0.3% in 2019 as oil sector shrinks
    https://in.reuters.com/article/us-saudi-economy-gdp/saudi-economy-grows-just-0-3-in-2019-as-oil-sector-shrinks-idINKBN20O1FX
  - 47. Key sectors to drive Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 strategy
    https://www.globalbusinessoutlook.com/key-sectors-to-drive-saudi-arabias-vision-2030-strategy/
  - 48. Factbox: Major Saudi Arabian non-oil deals since 2016
    https://www.reuters.com/article/us-saudi-investment-deals-factbox-idUSKBN1X81D4
  - 49. Te Politics of Rentier States in the Gulf
    http://pomeps.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/POMEPS_Studies_33.pdf
  - 50. Challenges and Opportunities for the Saudi Economy
    https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/82104
  - 51. Saudi Arabia’s economic crisis, explained in 10 graphics
    https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/saudi-arabia-economic-crisis-oil-coronavirus-debt-vision-2030
  - 52. Vision 2030 and poverty in Saudi Arabia
    https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2019/12/23/vision-2030-and-poverty-in-saudi-arabia/
  - 53. Report of the Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights on his mission to Saudi Arabia
    https://chrgj.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Saudi-Arabia-report-poverty-alston.pdf
- 艱鉅的轉型
  - 54. Saudi Arabia exempts property deals from 15% VAT, new tax set at 5%
    https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/saudi/saudi-arabia-exempts-property-deals-from-15-vat-new-tax-set-at-5-1.1601599182457
  - 55. Riyadh slashes welfare as oil and coronavirus effects kick in
    https://www.dw.com/en/riyadh-slashes-welfare-as-oil-and-coronavirus-effects-kick-in/a-53391229
  - 56. A New Kingdom of Saud?
    https://www.brookings.edu/research/a-new-kingdom-of-saud/